The City of the Sun :: Essays Papers

The City of the Sun In Tommaso Campanella’s document, The City of the Sun, a new social order is introduced amongst the Solarians. Campanella presents his readers with a utopian society that is ordered by rationality and reason. This ideal visionary is a redeemed world, free from injustice and competition in the market structure. Campanella, however, grew up in a society that was exploited and based on irrational principles. Campanella, therefore, reconstructs a society that operates in opposition to the one that he considers to be corrupt and irrational. The document, The City of the Sun, can be used to critically compare the social and political order that exists today. Moreover, Campanella’s work reveals the weaknesses that exist in today’s society and its structure. One characteristic of this utopian society is its system of meritocracy. In this system, positions of power are determined by one’s ability and excellence; factors such as gender or social class do not result in positions of leadership. For example, leaders and ministers are chosen according to which individuals learn the greatest number of skills and practices them best. Individuals who work extremely hard and acquire knowledge are judged to have the greatest nobility. Moreover, the Solarians have a Prince Prelate called Sun. Sun is elected by knowing a significant amount of information in diverse academic fields. For example, he must know all the mechanical arts and the mathematical, physical, and astrological sciences. In his dialogue, Campanella stresses the importance of acquiring knowledge in this ideal city. He demonstrates this by describing the position of the Prince Prelate: â€Å"Once appointed, his tenure lasts until someone with greater knowledge and greater ability to rule is discovered (Campanella 45)†. Therefore, those who wish to live in great power, must strive for this achievement in the area of academics. Also, ones level of knowledge determines the pursuit of happiness an individual will receive in the city of the Sun. The Solarians are granted the opportunity to alter their status if they desire, and live a life according to their standards. Campanella directly criticizes the society he grew up in by stating in his dialogue, why the Solarians mock the material world for the way it is structured: Thus they laugh at us because we consider craftsmen ignoble and assign nobility to those who are ignorant of every craft and live in idleness, keeping a host of dissolute and idle servants about them to the great detriment of the state (Campanella 43).

Assess the impact of new technologies on the music industry – Discuss the significance and implications of these developments

Over the years, the development of new technology has caused significant changes in the music industry. The presence of radio and digital radio, digital television, mini discs and the Internet has created challenges and opportunities for the BPI (British Phonographic Industry) and RIAA (Record Industry Association of America) alike. Radio works in parallel with the record industry because airplay determines to some extent, the chart position of an artist or group. If chart success is dependent on radio, then radio is an important tool to the music industry. To show just how important, ‘pluggers' are employed to approach disc jockeys to play their bands music for promotion and chart placement. Furthermore, the introduction of digital radio has excluded some of the restrictions of area broadcasting so people have more access to music. This is significant because radio now has a larger audience than before and more people are being influenced. This changes the way music is purchased and determines the success of artists and the record companies. Digital television works in the same way as radio in that the music channels help promote singles through the playing of music videos. Specialized channels and radio stations target specific audiences – this is known as narrow casting – which let every genre of music be heard enabling audiences to make up their own minds about what they like. As homogenous music exists alongside specialist music produced mainly by A and R (Artist and Repertoire), record companies want to target the right audiences for maximum exposure and therefore corresponding sales. For example, the channels ‘MTV Hits', ‘The Box' and ‘Smash Hits† play mostly pop music, whereas channels like ‘Kerrang', ‘Q' and ‘MTV2†³ specialize in alternative and rock music. The Internet has proved to be both helpful and challenging to the music industry. For record companies, it advertises and sells their music and is an easy way for people to purchase singles and albums. The introduction of selling CD's on the Internet has not meant that high-street stores will go out of business as not everyone buys music from their computers. For example younger people do not have credit cards and are therefore not able to buy music on the Internet. Instead, it has provided record companies with another profitable venture, as now there is more access to buy music. The downside of the Internet for the music industry is the emergence of MP3. This compresses material without altering the end product so it can be downloaded onto PC. Many millions of people now download music for free and burn the songs onto a blank disk. This is illegal but available and at present because of the mass numbers of people doing it, the BPI and RIAA cannot stop it from happening There are many arguments in favour of downloading, but the music industry insists outright that it should be banned. Their arguments against file sharing are that it deprives artists (and record companies) of royalties. The money gained from selling music provides an incentive to actually make it – if there is no money then there is no incentive and it will discourage artists from recording music. However, some artists may not consider money to be the main incentive to make music and even record straight to MP3 format. For example, David Bowie, the ‘Beastie Boys' and ‘Muse' do this. Other implications of downloading music are that if profits continue to fall, record companies will take fewer risks and not introduce new bands with different styles of music. This means that music will become even more predictable and formulaic which in turn creates a limited choice for the consumer. They also claim that it could undermine the record industry. The industry does feel threatened as in 1999 two hundred free music websites were shut down. Record companies say that the industry will be weakened because of MP3, and eventually smaller, independent record companies would disappear and again, people's choice in music will be limited. However, it can be argued that through buying albums choice is already limited. File sharing actually allows audiences more freedom to obtain the music that they want to hear, rather than paying for an album and only liking two out of ten songs. Alongside the threat of Internet downloading is the existence of mini disks and mini disk players. This causes a problem for the record industry as people can hold an extensive collection of music from a variety of different genres on one small disk for the price of a blank mini disk rather that a compilation compact disk for about fifteen pounds. The new technologies discussed above have a mixture of positive and negative outcomes for the record industry. They benefit from some – for example radio and digital television, even the Internet, but suffer from other developments such as file sharing. In order to compete with the ever-growing demand for music that is cheap and readily available, then it is advised that the industry make a number of significant changes that will benefit themselves and the consumer.

Eklaboo - 3524 Words

April 14, 2005 NURSING THEORY âž ¢ Why the interest in theory? 1. The no. 1 requisite if we have to be on the level of being a professional. 2. To guide us in how to go about the different nursing actions. 3. It becomes a framework for organizing data. Theory – speculative in nature Nursing Theory – mental conceptualization where the perspective is a nursing aspect - explain describe a particular nursing action - can also predict its effects on clients’ outcome - primary purpose is to generate scientific knowledge - serve several essential purposes 1. Description – clarifying ideas, phenomena, experience or circumstances that are not well understood. E.g. meaning of pain to†¦show more content†¦Organismic Behavior a.2. Man as a System a.3. The energy-matter exchange of man III. The Atomistic Approach Man is viewed as an organism composed of different organ systems each system is composed of organs each organ is made up of tissue cells. The cell is the basic unit of the human body. IV. Holistic Approach (Total) The study of the total behavior of man in relation to society. Stimuli in the environment provide the necessary forces to enable man to demonstrate consciously or unconsciously the nature of his responses the subsequent quality relationship with his environment. Address questions like – How does he cope with stresses? What makes one fail or succeed? V. Human Needs Model Maslow’s framework of basic needs is based on the theory that something is a basic need if its absence results in illness, its presence prevents illness or signals health, meeting an unmet need restores health VI. Man as a Rational Being – The Psychosocial Perspective Man, the psychosocial being is capable of rational, logical thinking most of the time but can become irrational illogical when provoked. His rational side makes him merciful, kind compassionate, while his irrational nature may make him commit criminal acts against another man. According to Travelbee, Man is â€Å"a unique, irreplaceable (cannot be exchanged for

Essay about A Singular Self-Identity - 3465 Words

Self-identity is singular. The belief in this existence of one’s self, presupposes all our experiences of consciousness. We all hold that this identity is ours alone. I speak of my experiences as experienced by me. I would seem to be talking nonsense , if I referred to myself in the plural or spoke of how the multiplicity of ‘me’s’ experienced an event. Although most will submit to the existence of levels of consciousness, we categorize those people who exhibit distinct personalities as non-ordinary. All popular theories of self-identity set about the task of proving a singular self. I will attempt to analyze the currently held theories of self-identity, and consider cases where the singular self-identity of normal individuals is called†¦show more content†¦I believe that we experience at least two states of consciousness : waking and sleeping. They are relatively exclusive conditions of one another (despite the foggy transitory state or lucid drea ming phenomena). Normal states of consciousness are associated with being awake. Sleeping states of consciousness are far more difficult to empirically observe. If we had not all had the occurrence of being involved in an experiential reality that we can only locate in time somewhere between last evening and this morning, we may be quite inclined to doubt the indicators for such activity. But, we have all had the common experience of dreaming. Finally, while waking states of consciousness and sleep consciousness are not one in the same, we still maintain a continuity. The â€Å"I† in my dreams and the â€Å"I† who writes this paper are subjected to very different worlds of experience, but the â€Å"I† from one dream, and one day to the next is continuous. Modern thinkers are quite comfortable when discussing levels of consciousness. We use the Freudian distinctions of conscious/ sub-conscious regularly in everyday language. The basic idea being that there are levels of a single consciousness within one single individual. The overarching concept of a single uniform self-identity is maintained over these divisions. Theories concerning self-identity are usually distinguished into two schools: the bodily theory of self and the psychologicalShow MoreRelated Eve Kosofsky Sedgwicks Tendencies: Queerness and Oppression1208 Words   |  5 Pagesand sexuality in order to include all of their incarnations as valid experiences and identities. Queerness endeavors to include all of those who feel they are a part of it yet, seemingly, not everyone can be queer without changing the very nature of queerness. Or can they? Queerness is a concept which resists borders and structure yet it seems as though there must be certain commonalities among all que er identities and behaviors. 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Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia - 1563 Words

Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders that affects both male and females, respectively. This illness is characterized by gradual increase in changes of perception, thinking, social activities, speech, feelings, and motivations. Many studies have shown that there is a clear difference in outcome between genders including symptom severity, age-at-onset and functional outcome (as cited in Gogos, Kwek and van den Buuse, 2011, p. 213). For example, schizophrenia occurs on average 1.5-4.5 earlier in men compared to women. Further evidence suggests that women who have a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia may have various levels of estrogen; the most severe phase of the disorder will be when there is low level of†¦show more content†¦PPI is an indicator sensomotoric reflecting the ability of the central nervous system to filter sensory information and is one of the best established translational paradigms that allows measuring sensorimotor gating in b oth humans and rodents (Labouesse, Langhans and Meyer, 2015). There have been many studies conducted on learning the causes of schizophrenia and its treatments. Unfortunately, the treatments for complete recovery from this disorder still remain unsolved. Some studies focused on a general context in terms of a role of sex hormones in schizophrenia, other studies focused on a specific state such as cognition and role of hormones in schizophrenia. The aim of this paper is to further analyze of the role of sex steroid hormones in schizophrenia in animal models and human studies, compare different methodologies and possible treatments. Dopamine, which plays a significant role in schizophrenia, regulates sensorimotor filtration information in rodents and in humans as well. These findings fit the description of dopamine hypothetical mechanisms of disease, possibly being associated with the processes of fragmentation and sensory cognitive overload that may be involved in the pathology of schizophrenia (Gogos, Kwek and van den Buuse, 2011). There are ma ny research studies that focus on the effects of estrogen and testosterone administration in schizophrenia. For

Analytical Essay †Even Wives Want a Wife Free Essays

Even Wives Want a Wife In today’s society the wife is seen as the member of the household that upkeeps the house and caters to other’s needs. Who wouldn’t want one of these of their own? In â€Å"I Want a Wife† the author Judy Brady sarcastically explains why everyone would want a wife. She begins with a story of how a friend of hers is newly single and he is looking for â€Å"a wife† although in reality he wants a servant; Brady then realizes that she too wants a wife of her own (Brady 542). We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical Essay – Even Wives Want a Wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main points made in the essay are what the wife would do for the author such as household chores, taking care of children, catering to her friends and many other satirical duties. All the while several literary devices are used to enhance the article. She uses these elements to show sexist and selfish ideas of men that are prevalent in society. â€Å"I Want a Wife† efficiently reasons for how the male gender generalizes the role of a wife in a sexist way in our society by making use of ethos, logos, pathos, satire and repetition. Ethos is used in the essay as Brady is a wife herself. Since she is she must have a certain expertise of being a wife. As she states in one of the beginning paragraphs â€Å"I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a wife. And, not altogether incidentally I am a mother† (Brady 542). This shows her credibility; that all the jobs and duties she mentioned must have been personally experienced by her. The many jobs and chores discussed make the audience feel sympathy for wives and the author herself through pathos. The author concludes the essay by saying â€Å"My god, who wouldn’t want a wife† (Brady 544)? This rhetorical question allows the readers to determine that this idea is wrong and treats women like a lesser being compared to men. The ending also evokes the reader to take action towards the topic. The author utilizes logos by stating many facts such as jobs women often do while speaking through experience. She lists all of these over exaggerated duties to indirectly saying that women are expected to do too much in today’s society. Brady speaks of several seemingly unethical chores like cleaning the house, preparing dinner to serve to friends and not speaking when the husband is talking (Brady 543). This helps get her point across by exaggeration to show how the wife is expected to have a servant like persona. Brady uses satire from the beginning of the essay to the very end of it. It is mainly used to show a male viewpoint of a wife. â€Å"And I want a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy. I must, after all, be able to relate to people as fully as possible† (Brady 544). Here the author satirizes the man’s view of what the wife must do and what he should be able to do, which in this case is have various partners. The use of satire is very effective in this article demonstrating how a man expects to have a perfect wife further illustrating the author’s image of sexism in society. Repetition is used in several of the author’s paragraphs. â€Å"I want a wife† (Brady 543) is used in the beginning of a few paragraphs to catch your eye and to get Brady’s idea burnt into your brain. This also helps as a smooth transition for the many duties described that the wife must do. Continually stating this phrase raises the thoughts of the audience making them want a wife as well. The author made fantastic use of literary devices throughout the essay. The effectiveness of satire to me was the most powerful using it to demonstrate how men expect so much from women and how many of the duties they perform are almost slave like. Ethos, logos and pathos were used successfully in many instances that appealed to the senses. As Brady is a wife and mother herself this make her a credible source so she clearly knows what she is speaking of. There was emotional appeal making the audience sympathize for the wife and feel anger towards men. Logic was used to show the wife’s duties and what their husbands expect of them. In conclusion I thought this was a very well thought out and written article because it attempts to make the reader want to take action against the topic through all of these elements. How to cite Analytical Essay – Even Wives Want a Wife, Essays

Worry Doll free essay sample

I stood, relaxed, at the cash register imagining the kinds of people that were bracing for the cold November night just outside. I was volunteering at Worldly Goods and everything was very peaceful. Worldly Goods is a local nonprofit store that sells hand crafted items from developing nations. The craftsmen get fair trade for their goods, so I usually feel like volunteering there is time well spent. A few people were there but none dared talk louder than â€Å"French Cafe† that was playing sweetly in the background. I liked to imagine that we had to be quiet or else the dark Tuesday-night winds would realize we were safe and sound inside and come after us. I had less than an hour left of my shift so my mind slowly wandered back to the numerous headaches that were waiting for me at home. None of my work seemed doable, and I could already imagine myself sitting at my desk wishing I was as calm and put together as I assumed I looked to the customers at Worldly Goods: just your av erage girl with enough free time to volunteer. I was just trying to remember if I had ever thought about the life of any cashier I had ever seen when the door opened and a new family stepped in. It was a woman, a man, and two very young girls, all of whom were bundled up, with bright red cheeks. I welcomed the parents while the young girls ran in, already searching for a new toy or two. They certainly didn’t fear the November winds as their cheery voices bounced along with them while they began searching for an angel to put on top of their Christmas-tree. When the older of the two girls hugged an angel ornament to her heart, claiming it smelled like cinnamon, I suddenly wished that I could stop anything bad from ever happening to her. The little family bobbed admiringly around the many treasures, the parents pointing out fancy Spanish teapots and Turkish mirrors to each other, while the little ones would be excited by toy llamas and little model men on bikes that would pedal when pushed. I didn’t want to seem nosy , but when the mother stopped and began talking to her young girls about a toy that I, too, have memories of, I listened carefully to what she had to say. â€Å"The idea of a worry-doll is that right before you go to bed, as soon you can feel your mind drifting away, you whisper to your doll everything that is upsetting you and troubling your mind. Once you’ve admitted your worries, you place her under your pillow, and then, while you sleep, she will take the burden of worrying from you so that your mind can be free and relaxed. She may even whisper some wisdom to you through your dreams.† The mother told her girls that she used to have dolls like those when she was little, and that if they wanted, she would buy each of them one of their own. The little girls were delighted with the idea of the doll, but I found it obvious that it was the mother who wanted one the most. Over the next few minutes she kept coming back to them, and continued mentioning them to the girls, to keep them interested, I imagine. She looked down at the little string and wood doll with a look of recognition and appreciation that I’m sure came straight from her childhood. I wondered what worries she whispered to her doll when she was little, and what they would be if she had one to whisper to now. I wanted to walk up to her just then and tell her that a worry doll isn’t just for children, that the doll would never think she was too old, and that she would listen, and carry her worries for her just the same as when she was younger. When the little family left, they bought one cinnamo n angel, and three worry dolls. I imagine the little girls just ended up playing with theirs, making them go on adventures with their other toys, and creating all sorts of exceptional stories, which is itself a way of letting go of worries. The mother, however, at least I hope, got the third doll for herself, to keep under her own pillow at night. Though this sweet, cheerful family was, in a way, a distraction for me from my own issues, they also reminded me that everyone has worries. Everyone feels insecure, stressed, and doubtful sometimes, and that’s ok. What is important is that you have a way of dealing with those feelings and that you are able to persevere in spite of what you feel is holding you back, and that’s why we have worry dolls. It wasn’t until nearly a month later that I truly realized this. It was a Saturday-morning and I was back in Worldly Goods, just stopping by to shop this time. Like usual, my mind was clouded by all of the things I expected myself to complete that day, going over and over again everything that had to be finished, and that I didn’t know how to do, It was when I looked down and saw the basket of worry dolls that I realized what I was really doing. I wasn’t coming up with a plan for getting things done, I was telling myself I wouldn’t be able to, filling myself with panic and insecurities when I should have been boosting myself up and deciding what to do. I immediately thought back to the day I saw a mother look at these same dolls and decide that she wasn’t going to worry anymore. That’s what the dolls are, they represent letting go of what you can let go of, and calmly dealing with those worries you have no choice but to face. It’s imp ossible not to worry sometimes, but when I left Worldly Goods with a new worry doll, I made the choice not to let my worries consume me.